Global burden of hip fracture: The Global Burden of Disease Study.

This study is the first to measure global burden of hip fracture in patients aged 55 years and older across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Our study further proved that the global burden of hip fracture is still large. Hip fractures among males are perhaps underestimated, and older adults should be given more attention. PURPOSE: Hip fracture is a tremendous universal public health challenge, but no updated comprehensive and comparable assessment of hip fracture incidence and burden exists for most of the world in older adults. METHODS: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) 2019, we estimated the number and rates of the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLD) of hip fracture across 204 countries and territories in patients aged 55 years and older from 1990 to 2019. RESULTS: In 2019, the incidence, prevalence, and YLDs rates of hip fracture in patients aged 55 years and older were 681.35 (95% UI 508.36-892.27) per 100000 population, 1191.39 (95% UI 1083.80-1301.52) per 100000 population, and 130.78 (95% UI 92.26-175.30) per 100000 population. During the three decades, the incidence among people aged below 60 years showed a downward trend, whereas it showed a rapid upward trend among older adults. All the numbers and rates of hip fractures among females were higher than those among males and increased with age, with the highest number and rate in the highest age group. Notably, the male to female ratio of the incidence for people aged over 55 years increased from 0.577 in 1990 to 0.612 in 2019. Falls were the leading cause among both sexes and in all age groups. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and the number of hip fractures among patients aged 55 years and older increased over the past three decades, indicating that the global burden of hip fracture is still large. Hip fractures among males are perhaps underestimated, and older adults should be given more attention.

Incidence and cost of vertebral fracture in urban China: a 5-year population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporotic vertebral fractures cause pain and disability, which result in a heavy socioeconomic burden. However, the incidence and cost of vertebral fractures in China are unknown. We aimed to assess the incidence and cost of clinically recognized vertebral fractures among people aged 50 years and older in China from 2013 to 2017. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This population-based cohort study was conducted by using Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) and Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI) data in China from 2013 to 2017, which covered more than 95% of the Chinese population in urban areas. Vertebral fractures were identified by the primary diagnosis (i.e. International Classification of Diseases code or text of diagnosis) in UEBMI and URBMI. The incidence and medical cost of these clinically recognized vertebral fractures in urban China were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 271 981 vertebral fractures (186 428, 68.5% females and 85 553, 31.5% males) were identified, with a mean age of 70.26 years. The incidence of vertebral fractures among patients aged 50 years and over in China increased ~1.79-fold during the 5 years, from 85.21 per 100 000 person-years in 2013 to 152.13 per 100 000 person-years in 2017. Medical costs for vertebral fractures increased from US$92.74 million in 2013 to US$505.3 million in 2017. Annual costs per vertebral fracture case increased from US$3.54 thousand in 2013 to US$5.35 thousand in 2017. CONCLUSION: The dramatic increase in the incidence and cost of clinically recognized vertebral fractures among patients aged 50 and over in urban China implies that more attention should be given to the management of osteoporosis to prevent osteoporotic fractures.

Higher Prevalence of Generalized Pustular Psoriasis in Asia? A Population-Based Study Using Claim Data in China and a Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have reported the burden of generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), a severe and potentially life-threatening skin disease, especially at a national level. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to estimate the nationwide burden of GPP in China and make a systemic review of the published data. METHODS: We conducted a population-based study using Urban Basic Medical Insurance in China from 2012 to 2016. GPP cases were identified by primary diagnoses including the international classification of Diseases codes (ICD-10: L40.1 and ICD-9: 694.3). A systematic review was conducted using relevant databases up to January 2022. RESULTS: The crude prevalence and incidence of GPP in 2016 were 1.403 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.115-1.691) and 0.629 (95% CI: 0.483-0.775) per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The rates were higher in males than in females for both prevalence (1.429 vs. 1.135) and incidence (0.635 vs. 0.520). The prevalence and incidence showed a bimodal age distribution, with the first peak occurring in the 0- to 3-year age-group and the second peak occurring in the 30- to 39-year age-group. The per capita total cost per year for 1 patient with GPP was 609.26 (± 45.77) US dollars. Seven studies were identified in a systematic review, according to which the prevalence (per 100,000) of GPP tended to be higher in Asian countries (0.746-8.178 in Japan and 12.230 in Korea) than in France (0.176), Sweden (6.25), and Brazil (0.7). CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest study concerning the disease burden of GPP, and in this study, the prevalence seemed to be higher in Asia. Although the direct economic burden of GPP did not seem high during the study period, the future usage of biologics and the humanistic burden should also be considered for policy-related decision-making.

Association of Ethnicity, Sex, and Age With Cancer Diagnoses and Health Care Utilization Among Children in Inner Mongolia, China.

Importance: China is experiencing a sustained increase in childhood cancer. However, whether differences exist in disease burden by ethnicity remains unclear. Objective: To compare differences in cancer diagnoses and health care utilization in Inner Mongolia among children subgrouped by ethnicity (Han vs Mongolian), sex, and age. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study in Inner Mongolia, China, used data on children aged 0 to 14 years with cancer from the Inner Mongolia Regional Health Information Platform, which comprises the National Basic Medical Insurance database and the Inner Mongolia cause-of-death reporting system, from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2019. Ethnicities analyzed included Han and Mongolian; patients of other ethnicities were not included in the analysis because of the small sample size. Cancer was broadly defined as a primary malignant tumor or hematologic cancer; benign central nervous system tumors were also included. A 2-year washout period was used to exclude prevalent cases. After diagnosis, the patients were followed up until the date of death or the end of the insured status, whichever came first. Exposures: Ethnicity (Han vs Mongolian), sex (male vs female), and age (0-4, 5-9, and 10-14 years). Main Outcomes and Measures: Crude incidence, 5-year prevalence, and survival rates at 1 year and 3 years after diagnosis; health care utilization, represented by medical costs during the first year and first 3 years after diagnosis; and hospital attendance with level (tertiary vs secondary and lower-level hospitals) and location of each unique visit. Results: From 2013 to 2019, 1 106 684 (2013), 1 330 242 (2014), 1 763 746 (2015), 2 400 343 (2016), 2 245 963 (2017), 2 901 088 (2018), and 2 996 580 (2019) children aged 0 to 14 years were registered in the NBMI database. Among the 2 996 580 children enrolled in 2019, the mean (SD) age was 6.8 (4.3) years, of whom 1 572 096 (52.5%) were male, 2 572 091 (85.8%) were Han, and 369 400 (12.3%) were Mongolian. A total of 1910 patients with cancer were identified (1048 were male [54.9%]; 1559 were Han [81.6%], and 300 were Mongolian [15.7%]). There were 764 hematologic cancers (40.0%) and 1146 solid tumors (60.0%). The overall crude incidence of cancer from 2015 to 2019 was 129.85 per million children (95% CI, 123.63-136.06), with a higher incidence among Mongolian than among Han children (155.12 [95% CI, 136.81-173.43] vs 134.39 [95% CI, 127.46-141.32]). The 5-year prevalence was 428.97 per million (95% CI, 405.52-452.42) in 2020, with a higher prevalence among Mongolian than among Han children (568.49 [95% CI, 91.62-645.36] vs 404.34 [95% CI, 379.77-428.91]). The combined 1-year (2015-2019) and 3-year (2015-2017) survival rates were 72.5% (95% CI, 67.5%-77.5%) and 66.8% (95% CI, 61.6%-71.9%), respectively. The 1-year (median [IQR], $1991 [$912-$10 181] vs $3991 [$1171-$15 425]) and 3-year (median [IQR], $2704 [$954-$13 909] vs $5375 [$1283-$22 466]) postdiagnosis costs were lower among Mongolian than among Han children. A higher proportion of Mongolian patients attended low-level hospitals (45.9% vs 17.4%). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, Mongolian children had a higher incidence and prevalence of cancer but a lower demand for medical care, suggesting that further investigations are needed to identify mechanisms underlying ethnic disparities and ensure that care is equitable.

Prevalence and incidence of pseudomyxoma peritonei in urban China: A nationwide retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is an extremely rare condition. Information regarding the disease burden of PMP in developing countries is limited. This study aimed to determine the epidemiology of PMP in China. METHODS: PMP data were extracted from the national databases of Urban Basic Medical Insurance. All cases were identified using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes and Chinese diagnostic terms. The national prevalence from 2012 to 2016 and incidence in 2016 were estimated. RESULTS: In total, 153 patients with PMP were identified. The crude prevalence of PMP in 2016 was 2.47 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.71 to 3.23) per million person-year, with a higher prevalence in females than males. Prevalence increased with age, with the first peak in those aged 15-29 years and the highest in those aged >80 years. The crude incidence of PMP in 2016 was 1.19 (95% CI 0.59 to 1.78) per million person-years. Similar to the prevalence, the rates were higher in women than in men. The incidence also increased with age, with the highest prevalence in those aged >80 years. Besides, the most frequent comorbidities before and after the first diagnosis of PMP were unspecified secondary malignancies and malignancies of unspecified sites, followed by abdominal malignant tumours. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of PMP was lower in mainland China than in European countries and increased with advancing age. Women were more likely to have PMP than men. Furthermore, an insufficient understanding of this rare disease presents a major challenge in accurately evaluating the disease burden.

Real-Time and Sensitive Immunosensor for Label-Free Detection of Specific Antigen with a Comb of Microchannel Long-Period Fiber Grating.

This study aimed to develop a comb of microchannel and immunosensor based on long-period fiber grating using the process of Lithographie Galvanoformung Abformung-like micro-electromechanical systems (LIGA-like MEMS) for real-time and label-free detection of specific antigen. The coupling between propagating core and cladding modes was conducted from the comb of microchannel long-period fiber grating (CM-LPFG). The CM-LPFG-based immunosensor consisted of a microchannel structure through photoresist stacking processes and was sandwiched with an optical fiber to obtain a long-period structure. Specific immunoglobulin against protein antigen was immobilized onto an optical fiber surface and produced a real-time resonance effect on sensing specific protein antigen from the extracted protein mixtures of the cancer cell lines. The variable transmission loss was -14.07 dB, and the resonant wavelength shift was 11.239 nm. The low limit of detection for total protein concentration was 1.363 ng/µL. Our results revealed that the CM-LPFG-based immnosensor for real-time detection of label-free protein antigen is feasible and sensitive based on the diversification of a transmission loss and achieves specific immunosensing purposes for lab-on-fiber technology.

Inhibitory effects of oxymatrine on hepatic stellate cells activation through TGF-ß/miR-195/Smad signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Oxymatrine (OM), a quinolizidine alkaloid extracted from a herb Sophorae Flavescentis Radix, has been used to treat liver fibrotic diseases. However, the mechanism of its anti-fibrosis effects is still unclear. TGF-ß/Smad signaling and miR-195 have been proved to paly an important role in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation and liver fibrosis. In this study, we investigated whether OM could inhibit HSCs activation through TGF-ß1/miR-195/Smads signaling or not. METHODS: First, the effects of OM on HSC-T6 in different concentrations and time points were tested by MTT assay. We choose three appropriate concentrations of OM as treatment concentrations in following experiment. By Quantitative Real-time PCR and Western Blot, then we investigated the effect of OM on miR-195, Smad7 and α-SMA's expressions to prove the correlation between OM and the TGF-ß1/miR-195/Smads signaling. Last, miR-195 mimic and INF-γ were used to investigate the relation between miR-195 and OM in HSC activation. RESULTS: Our results showed that the proliferation of HSC was significantly inhibited when OM concentration was higher than 200 µg/mL after 24 h, 100 µg/mL after 48 h and 10 µg/mL after 72 h. The IC50 of OM after 24, 48 and 72 h were 539, 454, 387 µg/mL respectively. OM could down-regulate miR-195 and α-SMA (P < 0.01), while up-regulate Smad7 (P < 0.05). In HSC-T6 cells transfected with miR-195 mimic and pretreated with OM, miR-195 and α-SMA were up-regulated (P < 0.05), and Smad7 was down-regulated (P < 0.05) . CONCLUSIONS: Given these results, OM could inhibit TGF-ß1 induced activation of HSC-T6 proliferation in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner to some extent. We proved that OM inhibited HSC activation through down-regulating the expression of miR-195 and up-regulating Smad7.

Investigation of the Pharmaceutical Care in One Elderly Parkinson's Disease Patient with Psychotic Symptoms.

A 66-year-old male patient with a 10-year course of Parkinson's disease (PD) was admitted for hallucination lasting a half a month. After treatment with levodopa/carbidopa, selegiline, and piribedil, the patient's motor symptoms were improved while no significant effects were observed on psychotic symptoms. A clinical pharmacist analyzed the pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of selegiline and piribedil, summarized the scheme of PD with psychotic symptoms in the literature, and discovered that selegiline might potentiate psychotic side effects of piribedil, while the use of levodopa/carbidopa cannot be ruled out either. Finally, the clinical pharmacist proposed to reduce the dosage of levodopa/carbidopa, increase the dosage of selegiline and quetiapine, and discontinue piribedil. The clinician accepted this suggestion. After the adjustment of medication, the patient's motor symptoms were absolutely improved and the psychotic symptoms were notably improved. This case study suggests that long-term treatment with levodopa/carbidopa and piribedil, along with the progression of the disease itself, could contribute to the emergence of psychotic symptoms in PD. Additionally, selegiline could potentiate psychotic side effects of piribedil. Neurology clinical pharmacists should work alongside neurology clinicians at the bedside to optimize pharmacotherapy, improve patient safety, and contribute to scholarly efforts.

The Pharmacokinetics of Morphine and Codeine in Human Plasma and Urine after Oral Administration of Qiangli Pipa Syrup.

Papaveris pericarpium, a natural source of morphine and codeine, is the principal active component in many antitussive traditional Chinese medicines. We herein report the first PK study of papaveris pericarpium in human plasma and urine following oral administration of single (15, 30, 60 mL) and multiple dose (15 mL) of Qiangli Pipa Syrup (MOR 0.1 mg/mL, COD 0.028 mg/mL) by monitoring morphine and codeine using a HPLC-MS/MS method. Their Tmax and t1/2 values are independent of dosages, while the AUC0-t linearly increased with higher dosages, indicating linear PK characteristics. AUC0-t increased obviously after multiple doses, indicating possible risk of accumulative toxicity. Urine studies suggested risks of positive opiate drug tests with a cutoff of 300 ng/mL, which lasted 6-14 h at different doses. These results provide important information for clinical safety, efficacy and rational drug use of Qiangli Pipa Syrup and also guide the related judicial expertise of its administration.

Fast permutation preconditioning for fractional diffusion equations.

In this paper, an implicit finite difference scheme with the shifted Grünwald formula, which is unconditionally stable, is used to discretize the fractional diffusion equations with constant diffusion coefficients. The coefficient matrix possesses the Toeplitz structure and the fast Toeplitz matrix-vector product can be utilized to reduce the computational complexity from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text], where N is the number of grid points. Two preconditioned iterative methods, named bi-conjugate gradient method for Toeplitz matrix and bi-conjugate residual method for Toeplitz matrix, are proposed to solve the relevant discretized systems. Finally, numerical experiments are reported to show the effectiveness of our preconditioners.

[Research progress on chemical compounds and pharmacological effects of Caesalpinia].

Consult literature, the chemical composition of the type of system Caesalpinia plants were summarized and discussed in detail its pharmacological effects. The genus contains major chemical components of high isoflavones, chalcones and diterpenoids, pharmacological effects inhibit melanin production, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, immune regulation, and further research in this genus offer reference.

A Micro Rectangular-Shaped Long-Period Fiber Grating Coated With Fe3O4 Nanoparticle Thin Overlay For Magnetic Sensing.

In this paper, we provide a novel micro rectangular-shaped long-period fiber grating (MRSLPFG) coated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles as the sensing material and packaged in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for magnetic sensing application. The micro rectangular-shaped grating structures are fully dip coated with the magnetic fluid and heated to form a thin solid film. This thin overlay is used as the sensing media to measure the external magnetic flux density parallel to the optical fiber axis. According to our experimental results, the phenomenon of the transmission loss of the MRSLPFG magnetic sensor was increased monotonically when the external applied magnetic flux density increased. As the external applied magnetic flux density was increased from 0 to 91.10 mT, the resonance attenuation dip of the MRSLPFG increased and the average sensitivity achieved during the experiments was 0.129 dB/mT. We infer that the aforementioned experimental results were due to the magnetostrictive effect exerted on the thin layer of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, which in turn induced slight longitudinal strains on the micro rectangular-shaped fiber grating structures under different magnetic flux density.

rs2243268 and rs2243274 of Interleukin-4 (IL-4) gene are associated with reduced risk for extrapulmonary and severe tuberculosis in Chinese Han children.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10, which are produced by Th2 cells, serve as anti-inflammatory cytokines in the immune responses to tuberculosis (TB). In order to investigate the association between susceptibility to TB and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IL-4 and IL-10 genes, a case-control study including 346 TB patients and 374 healthy controls was performed in Chinese Han children in North China. Though no significant differences in the allelic and genotypic distributions of SNPs of these two genes were observed between control group and TB group, rs2243268-A and rs2243274-G of the IL-4 gene were associated with reduced risk of developing extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) (Prs2243268=0.005 and Prs2243274=0.004) and severe TB (Prs2243268=0.003 and Prs2243274=0.003). The haplotype comprising rs2243268-A and rs2243274-G was found to be a resistance factor against EPTB and severe TB. In addition, after stimulation with inactivated H37Rv, blood samples of the rs2243268 AA+AC carriers showed significantly reduced IL-10 production (P=0.045) compared to the CC carriers. In conclusion, rs2243268-A and rs2243274-G of the IL-4 gene were found to confer resistance to EPTB and severe TB in Chinese Han children.

A community-based multilevel intervention for smoking, physical activity and diet: short-term findings from the Community Interventions for Health programme in Hangzhou, China.

BACKGROUND: To assess the short-term impact of a comprehensive, community-based multilevel intervention on knowledge, beliefs and practices with respect to smoking, physical activity and diet in Hangzhou, China. METHODS: A non-randomised, controlled, before-after quasi-experimental trial was conducted in two intervention areas and one comparison area. The intervention built on a socioecological framework and took place across four settings: neighbourhoods, schools, workplaces and community health centres. Two independent cross-sectional surveys of adults aged 18-64 years at baseline and a subsequent follow-up were conducted in 2008/2009 and 2011 in the intervention and comparison areas. A 2-year intervention programme was begun in mid-2009 and continued until mid-2011. RESULTS: A total of 2016 adults at baseline and 2016 adults at follow-up completed the survey. Over the 2-year intervention period, the intervention areas showed a statistically significant decline (25.2% vs 18.7%, p<0.001) in the prevalence of smoking compared with the comparison area (18.0% vs 16.4%, p=0.343). The proportion of individuals who had noticed anyone smoking in any of nine locations in the previous 30 days demonstrated a statistically significant decline in the intervention (78.9% vs 66.5%, p<0.001) and comparison (76.3% vs 66.5%, p<0.001) areas. The fruit and vegetable consumption score increased in a statistically significant manner in the intervention (24.84 vs 25.97, p=0.036) and comparison (24.25 vs 26.67, p<0.001) areas. The metabolic equivalent of physical activity increased from 1204 to 1386 (p=0.023) in the intervention areas compared with 918 to 924 in the comparison area (p=0.201). CONCLUSIONS: After a 2-year intervention, beneficial changes were noted in the intervention areas with respect to smoking and physical activity but not diet. A community-based multilevel intervention programme is feasible in urban China.

[Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis on peanut (Arachis Hypogaea) plants under calcium deficiency stress].

The objective of the present study was to reveal different tolerance of peanut plants to Ca deficiency by determining Ca uptake and Fourier transform infrared spectral (FTIR) differences of two peanut cultivars grown in nutrition solution. Peanut cultivars LH11 and YZ9102 were selected. Seedlings at the first leaf stage were cultivated for 28 days in nutrient solution with 0, 0.01 and 2.0 mmol x L(-1) Ca treatments, respectively. The results showed that under 0 and 0.01 mmol x L(-1) Ca supply, YZ9102 did not show Ca deficiency symptoms and the plant biomass did not change, whereas LH11 exhibited shoot-tip necrosis, smaller plant size, more lateral branches, and plant dry matter weights decreased significantly. YZ9102 had higher plant Ca concentration and Ca accumulation than LH11. Besides, for LH11, Ca was mainly accumulated in roots, while for YZ9102 mainly in leaves. As compared with plants cultivated in 2.0 mol x L(-1) Ca nutrition, root, stem and leaf of LH11 plants under Ca deficiency stress showed higher transmittance at peaks 1 060, 1 380, 1 655, 2 922, and 3 420 cm(-1) in FTIR spectra, indicating that the contents of protein, sugar and lipid decreased obviously in LH11 plants in condition that Ca supply was limited. However, the FTIR spectra of YZ9102 were less affected by Ca deficiency. It is suggested that YZ9102 might be more tolerant to Ca deficiency.

[Setting of logos on tobacco control information at outlets for retails and restaurants in 12 cities of China].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the setting of logos on tobacco control information at outlets for retails and restaurants in 12 selected cities of China. METHODS: For all the shops for retail of tobacco, alcohol, food and restaurants under survey in 333 blocks of 12 cities(Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Qingdao, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Suzhou, Nantong, Zhenjiang, Chengdu, Xining and Harbin), setting and contents of logos on tobacco control information, inside and outside them were examined. RESULTS: 45 700 objectives were included in the study. Among all types of retail shops, the identification rate of tobacco control information at the entrance and inside were 3.6% and 4.4%, with an overall identification rate as 7.0%. The overall rate at the entrance of all the restaurants was 4.6% which was larger than the ones at the retail shops. Our result showed that there were differences between cities and types of establishments and higher rates seen in the larger ones. Of all the places that having had placement of information on tobacco control, only 18.5% of them had put them both inside and outside. Slogans or images on "No Smoking" were the main forms of information but less than 10% of them would show signs as 'exclusive non-smoking'. CONCLUSION: Data from our survey showed that the identification rate of tobacco control information was at a low level in 12 cities, and differences were seen between cities, size of establishment, that called for improvement of the existing tobacco control policies in China.

[Relationship between the clustering of risk factors and the prevalence of hypertension in the community residents living in Shanghai].

OBJECTIVE: To study the association between the clustering manifestation of factors as overweight and central obesity, family heredity, immoderate alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia and the prevalence of hypertension. METHODS: Data was from a program related to the comprehensive prevention and control strategies on cardiac-cerebral vascular disease carried out in the communities of Shanghai, to describe the relationship between the clustering of risk factors and hypertension. This program included 15 158 people with complete data at the age of 35 - 74, from 2008 - 2011. Both single factor and multi-factor analysis were used and longitudinal study was performed to further explore the causal relationship. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of hypertension at the baseline survey was 41.9%. The associated ORs (age-adjusted) of hypertension parallelly increased with the number of risk factors under clustering. The associated OR of the males with 1, 2, 3, 4 as well as 5 and above risk factors were 3.157 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.152 - 4.630], 6.428 (95%CI: 4.435 - 9.319), 11.797 (95%CI: 8.135 - 17.105), 19.723 (95%CI: 13.414 - 29.000), 33.051 (95%CI: 21.449 - 50.930) respectively. In females with 1, 2, 3 as well as 4 risk factors, the associated ORs were 2.917 (95%CI: 2.374 - 3.585), 6.499 (95%CI: 5.307 - 7.959), 15.717 (95%CI: 12.609 - 19.591) and 31.719 (95%CI: 21.744 - 46.270), respectively. For longitudinal study, the 2-year incidence of hypertension in males and females were 1.9% and 1.6%, respectively. Compared to those people without risk factors, the incidence was higher in the people with a larger number of clustering. When the clustering number reaching 2 or 3 in females, the relative risk (RR) were 2.111 (95%CI: 1.024 - 4.350) and 3.000 (95%CI: 1.287 - 6.995) respectively, with statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: The risk of hypertension parallelly increased with the clustering number of relevant risk factors. Comprehensive prevention and control on related risk factors was required.

[Association analysis of serum γ-glutamyltransferase with risk of metabolic syndrome in Beijing healthy population].

OBJECTIVE: To study the association of γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) with the development of the metabolic syndrome (MS). METHODS: Subjects without MS at baseline in Beijing health-checkup database during 2003 and 2010, from MJ Health Management Centers, with complete key variables and at least two records were selected to derive a cohort, after comparison of the median trend, and analysis with Cox regression models and spline regression models, and to study the association of GGT with the development of MS and the dose-response relationship trend. RESULTS: Out of 10 076 (46.20/1 000 person-years) in the cohort, 1 181 subjects developed MS after follow-up of 2.54 years on average. With adjustment for age, gender, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, body mass index, family history of cardiovascular disease, systolic blood pressure, white blood cell count, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides and C-reacted protein in Cox regression model, the hazard ratio for MS in quartiles 4 level of GGT was 1.60(95% confidence interval: 1.18-2.17). After adjustment with the use of spline regression model, the dose-response relationship showed an increasing curve with a degressive slope. The elevated GGT level was associated with an increased risk of MS, but the contribution of GGT augmented less when the GGT level was high. CONCLUSION: The elevated GGT level, an important risk factor and predictor, may be associated with an increased risk of MS.

[Study on knowledge, attitudes and use of the pre-packaged food nutrition labeling in Hangzhou supermarket consumers in 2010].

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence rates of knowledge, attitudes and use of the nutrition labeling and related influential factors in Hangzhou supermarket consumers. METHODS: Using a self-developed survey questionnaire, randomly selected customers were conducted a face-to-face interview program in a large supermarket of Hangzhou city. RESULTS: 586 people were interviewed, including 202 males and 384 females, with the mean age as 41.6 ± 17.23 years. The accuracy rates of 6 questions related to the 'ability of choosing healthier food by using the Nutrition Facts Labels' were as follows: dietary fiber (71.84%), fat (70.99%), calcium (60.75%), salt (58.36%), energy (50.85%) and sugar (39.42%). The support rates of the three attitudes indicators were "support marking the Nutrition Facts Label" (90.44%), "support marking the nutrition claims" (87.03%) and "want to know more relative knowledge" (77.13%). There were 58.36% and 80.03% first-time buyers who would read the Nutrition Facts Food Labels and the Nutrition Claims. Through logistic model analysis, male, youth, low-educated people were found to be the risk factors related to the nutrition label reading behavior. CONCLUSION: The capacity of the reading, understanding and correct application of nutrition labeling among consumers was not satisfactory. Improvement on the readability and the authority of nutrition labeling and the development of the national nutrition knowledge and health education programs were in urgent needs.